After World War I, German citizens sought not merely relief from the political, economic, social, and cultural upheaval which wracked Weimar Germany, but also mental salvation. With promises of order, prosperity, and community, Adolph Hitler fulfilled a profoundly spiritual need on behalf of those w[...]

Despite recent studies of imperial Germany that emphasize the empire's modern and reformist qualities, the question remains: to what extent could democracy have flourished in Germany's stony soil? In Germany's Second Reich, James Retallack continues his career-long inquiry into the era of Bismarck a[...]

"Totalitarian Art" achieves nothing less than a thorough and serious comparative study of the official art of Stalin's Russia, Hitler's Germany, Mussolini's Italy, and Mao's China.
In the Soviet Union, and later in Maoist China, theories of mass artistic appeal were used to promote the Revolutio[...]

Up to the last moment, his overwhelming, despotic authority aroused false hopes and deceived his people and his entourage. Only at the end, when I watched the inglorious collapse and the obstinacy of his final downfall, was I able suddenly to fit together the bits of mosaic I had been amassing for t[...]